General Instructions
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Friedman
Example 7.1 in Hollander and Wolfe.
Summary
- Friedman test for randomized complete block data
- P = 0.0038
- two-way ANOVA test for randomized complete block data
- P = 0.0041
Comments
Note: In the friedman.test
function call the
groups
variable goes in front of the vertical bar and the blocks
variable goes behind the vertical bar. We are looking for a method
effect here so method
goes in front of the bar.
The second analysis done by the aov
function is the
usual parametric procedure: two-way ANOVA. It produces
P = 0.004084 for comparison with the Friedman P-value.
The first line tells R that player
is to be treated as
a factor
, that is, as a non-numerical variable. If it were
omitted, the ANOVA would be nonsense. For some
reason friedman.test
comes out the same if it is omitted.
We don't also have to tell R that method
is a factor,
because it automatically treats any non-numerical variable as a factor.
If method had been designated by numerical codes, we would also need
a statement like the first line for method
.
If R were consistent, these two analyses would have similar syntax, but it isn't and they don't.
Warning: Do not omit the lines converting the categorical
variables to R factor
objects. At least don't omit them unless
you are sure it won't make a difference.
More Exact Computation
The contributed package SuppDists
contains a better
approximation to the distribution of the Friedman test statistic
under the null hypothesis. Here's how that works.
The P-value hardly changes, and in this example is so small that the better calculation makes no difference. Either way the treatment is highly statistically significant. But on different data, the better calculation might be important.