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Usage:
outer(x1, x2, ...), x1, x2, ... REAL
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Keywords:
matrix algebra
outer(x1, x2) returns a matrix or array which is the "outer product" of
REAL variables x1 and x2. The dimensions of the result are the
joined dimensions of the arguments.
After result <- outer(x1,x2), the elements of the result are
result[i,j,k,...,l,m,n,...] = x1[i,j,k,...] * x2[l,m,n,...].
outer(x1, x2) is equivalent to array(vector(x1)*vector(x2)',
vector(dim(x1), dim(x2))).
outer(x1, x2, x3) is mathematically equivalent to outer(outer(x1,x2),
x3) and in general outer(x1, x2, x3, ..., xk) is mathematically
equivalent to outer(outer(...(outer(x1,x2), x3), ...), xk). The
elements of the result are all possible k-way products of elements from
each of the arguments.
One use for outer() is to construct multidimensional contrasts that are
products of 1 dimensional contrasts. Suppose c1, c2 and c3 are vectors
of main effect contrast coefficients for each factor for a 3 factor
design. Then after anova("y=a*b*c"),
Cmd> contrast("a.b.c", outer(c1,c2,c3))
computes results for the three way product contrast that is part of the
a.b.c interaction.
See also topics contrast(), array(), 'matrices'
Gary Oehlert
2003-01-15